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Details
South Carolina secedes in December of 1860
Claimed that a hostile sectional party had been elected
Noted that sovereign states should have the right to secede
Other states held secession conventions
By February 1 of 1861, several states joined SC
Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas
The Confederate States on America was established
On February 4 at Montgomery AL
Constitution was like the US
Did not allow free states to join
Chose moderate president Jefferson Davis (MS)
Moderate Republicans suggested compromise
The Crittenden Compromise
Crafted by John Crittenden of KY
Suggested extending the MO Compromise Line
Recommended federal compensation for owners of escaped slaves
Would add a federal amendment to protect slavery
Lincoln disagreed
Lincoln favored the principle of majority rule
Also expected the S to back down and did not want to demoralize S unionists
By Lincoln's inauguration, the Confederacy had seized S forts
Buchanan had made a feeble attempt to resupply Ft Sumter in January
Lincoln favored a cautious and limited use of force
Lincoln ordered an expedition on April 4 to resupply Sumter
Against cabinet advice
Confederates consider the resupply a hostile action
Attacked the fort on April 12
Confederate capture of the fort
Lincoln proclaimed the attack an insurrection on April 15ht
Northern Patriotism was aroused
The S moved the capital from Montgomery to Richmond
Lincoln provoked the S to start the war and invade the neutrality of the border states
Northern advantages:
Population, industrial capacity, RR mileage
Established government and army, international relations
Southern advantages:
Home field, military leadership, strength of cause
Perhaps a more able fighting force
The N adopted a two-front, anaconda strategy
Blockade the S coasts
Seize control of the Mississippi River
Cut off supplies, apply pressure and probe for weaknesses
Both sides had more volunteers than they could handle in the first year
States recruited soldiers and were reluctant to relinquish control
Conscription laws were passed in 1862 in acknowledgement of a long war
N economy could produce supplies for war without lowering civilian standards of living
S economy could produce sufficient armaments, but food was another story
S supply chains had limited RR networks
N coastal blockade was successful
Civilians protested food shortages and impressments
N and S faced problems with inflation
War taxes did not sufficiently fund the cause
S printed $100 million and N $150 million in 1862
S lacked disposable wealth, accepted bales of cotton for payment
1863 Confederate $ bought 8¢ in gold
Lincoln declares martial law in April of 1861
Suspended the writ of Habeas Corpus between Philadelphia and DC
Extended to all areas of possible disloyalty in September
Lincoln tolerated most dissent, especially from peace democrats
Throughout, Lincoln kept the Republican Party unified
Davis was less effective
Interfered in military decisions and field leadership
Lacked initiative and leadership on the home front
Did not seek to manage the economy
Allowed obstruction from state governors
Did not have support of a political party or party system
McDowell (Union) gathers at Manassas and loses badly at Bull Run
Stonewall Jackson gains his nickname
Union troops run to DC in retreat
McClellan replaces McDowell, Winfield Scott retires
Grant wins battles in the W, Shiloh is a costly victory
Union navy gains control of New Orleans under David Farragut
The Monitor defeats the Merrimac near Hampton Roads, VA
McClellan moved slowly and lost Lincoln's confidence
McClellan let Lee escape after Antietam (1862)
Lincoln chose Ambrose Burnside to replace him
Burnside was quickly replaced because he was dense
Launched a direct assault on an uphill fortification
Led to excessive casualties at Fredericksburg
The S made many efforts to gain recognition from European countries
S envoys made inroads in France and England
Pushed for official recognition over Union objections
Union ships captured emissaries but released them under foreign pressure
British and French did not recognize the Confederacy
England had a surplus of cotton at first
British leaders were sympathetic to the Confederacy, but the working class favored the N
Napoleon III was setting up a government in Mexico; did not want to risk war with the US
King Cotton diplomacy GB began to get cotton from Egypt and India
failed
Not the initial goal of the Union forces
The Congress did favor confiscation to punish rebellious slave owners
Lincoln approached emancipation cautiously at first to pacify border states
Favored gradual, compensated emancipation, worried about N racial prejudice
Border states refused to consider gradual emancipation or colonization
Lincoln declared emancipation
Gave the S 100 days to surrender and keep slaves
Confederacy did not respond
January 1, 1863 The Emancipation Proclamation
Freed all slaves in the Confederacy
Did not extend emancipation to loyal states
Did commit the Union to emancipation
Led to a large enlistment of African-American soldiers
200,000 African Americans served in the Union forces
Most were newly freed slaves
Were used disproportionately for manual labor
Lincoln pressed for the 13th Amendment
Local campaigns had gained emancipation in MO and MD
Passed narrowly in the House in January of 1865
The Confederate economy and government were in bad shape by1863
Soldiers complained about a rich man war and a poor mans fight
Racism led to draft riots in New York
Poor whites resented fighting to free slaves
Poor whites also resented rich men's exemptions
Republican leaders had their homes burned
A dozen free blacks were hang
120 died in the riot
N used martial law to control dissent
Clement Vallandigham, a Copperhead, was arrested
Lincoln also had issues with Lambden Milligan that nearly cost Milligan
his life
Last Confederate victory
Hooker and the Union were defeated by Lee at Chancellorsville
Stonewall Jackson died at this VA battles
Grant boldly crossed the Mississippi and captured Vicksburg in May of 1863
Lee had to retreat after losses at Cemetery Ridge and Culp's Hill
The Union gained control of the Mississippi but Lee escaped
N gains control of the middle South by late 1863 (TN)
Victory at Chattanooga allowed an invasion of GA
Grant and Lee fought at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor
Grant lost 60,000 men without victory
Grant's losses cost Lincoln politically
Democrats (McClellan) called for a cease-fire
Republicans called for a new president
Sherman's invasion of GA (The March to the Sea) went well
Atlanta was captured
Republicans began to rally around Lincoln before the election
Sherman advanced to the Carolinas
Grant ended the stalemate at Petersburg
Lee abandoned Petersburg and Richmond
Lee surrendered at Appomattox on April 9, 1865
Lee's plantation became Arlington National Cemetery
A plot to assassinate Lincoln, Seward and Johnson was hatched by John Wilkes
Booth and accomplices
Lincoln was killed by Booth at Ford's Theater on April 14, 1865
618,000 soldiers died
The Sanitary Commission was created
Women continued in reform and public service
Plantation mistresses took on greater responsibilities
4 million slaves were emancipated
Nativist sentiment weakened in the N because of immigrant contributions
Federal powers broadened
Domestic programs continued
Transcontinental RR
Homestead Acts encouraged western settlement
Land Grant colleges were created
Emerson and others led a shift from concern about individual to concern about society
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