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The 1810 census revealed that population had grown by 2 million in just 10 years. The largest group within the population
was under the age of 16 all born after the election of GW. 20% of the population were slaves. Regional identities were most
important and were developed. Increasing attacks on the institution of slavery began to create northern and southern sectional
identities.
Thousands moved Westmany territorial governments formed
New states Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee
New territories Indiana, Louisiana, Missouri, Michigan, Illinois
Shawnee leader Prophet and Tecumseh tried to revitalize Shawnee culture
Urged native to resist alcohol, avoid contact with white, keep land
Defeated by Andrew Jackson at Horseshoe Bend in the War of 1812
Jefferson proposed a vast reservation beyond the Mississippi River
Did not believe that whites and natives could share the same land
Most thought whites could perhaps civilize native culture
84% of Americans made their living through agriculture
Southerners relied on staple crops (tobacco, rice, cotton)
Northerners produced grain and livestock
Few technological advances in agriculture (exception cotton gin)
Major innovation agricultural fair
The merchant marine transported much of the world's trade
Urban centers focused on international trade
Few Americans invested in manufacturing
Samuel Slater established cotton-spinning mills in New England
Robert Fulton invented the steamship
Artisans and ordinary workers were threatened by machines
TJ and Secretary of the Treasury Gallatin worked to cut the deficit
Gallatin thought customs receipts could finance the govt
Jefferson closed several embassies and cut the army by 50%
TJ thought a standing army was unnecessary
TJ did create the Army Corps of Engineers, West Point
TJ refused to dismiss all Federalists
Federalists declined in power
Jay and others withdrew from national politics
Many Feds thought campaigning was beneath them
Prominent moderate Feds like JQ Adams became Republicans
TJ planned to make Florida and Louisiana part of the US
Was prepared to threaten forcible occupation
Instead was able to negotiate and purchase
Spain secretly transferred all of LA to France
Napoleon was preoccupied with a rebellion in Haiti
TJ sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to negotiate
TJ wanted them to make an offer to purchase New Orleans
Napoleon lost interest in building an American empire
Offered all of LA to the US for $15 million
TJ asked for a requisition of $2500 for an expedition in Louisiana
Started in St. Louis in May 1804, ended at the Pacific in November 1805
Pirates in the Barbary States preyed on commercial trade
TJ sent troops to after the US frigate Philadelphia was captured
US signed a treaty with Tripoli (1805) to end the Barbary War
Jefferson finished his first term with great popularity
Congressional republicans fought to repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801
Thought federal courts were too federalist, too expensive
Congress ignored Federalist complaints Republicans pushed the measure through Congress anyway
Marbury v Madison (1803) caused further dispute
Republicans impeached incompetent judge John Pickering
Republicans then went after Associate Justice Samuel Chase Aaron Burr organized the unsuccessful impeachment
Newspapers labeled extreme Republicans Tertium Quids
Quids were distressed that TJ favored pragmatism over virtue
Spokesmen were John Randolph and John Taylor of VA
The Yazoo controversy made them famous
A corrupt land deal in GA in 1795 (35 million acres)
GA legislature had been bribed by the land company
US Congress intervened and gave land to swindled buyers
Quids protested, Supreme Court upheld the action
In Fletcher v. Peck
Upheld land claims and legitimacy of contracts
Aron Burr shot and killed Hamilton in a duel on July 11, 1804
He also planned a new military adventure/new republic
Was charged with treason—found not guilty
Slave trade Outlawed in 1808 at TJ's urgings
Not a strong piece of legislation did not require S enforcement
France and Great Britain continued fighting. GB showed naval superiority; France
continued victories on land. GB declared Orders in Council in 1806, forbidding
neutral commerce. Napoleon vowed to seize vessel that obeyed GB demands. The captain of the Leopard opened fire on Chesapeake,
killing 3 and wounding 18 also violating US sovereignty.
TJ's solution to protect American commerce the Embargo
Assumed it would force foreign powers to try cash and carry
Was actually a huge mistake that bankrupted many merchants
Was especially unpopular in the NE
Repealed in 1809, but really complicates matters for the next president
Quids tried to push the election of James Monroe
TJ favored the eventual winner, James Madison
Congress reestablished trade with both GB and France in Macon's Bill No. 2
Napoleon promised free and open trade
JMadison demanded the same from GB (repeal of Orders in Council)
Westerners believed that GB was encouraging US/native conflicts
Congressional anti-British moods intensified
Henry Clay, John Calhoun and other War Hawks pushed JM to war
Declaration occurred on June 1, 1812
JM hoped to force GB to respect US maritime rights
JM also threatened to seize Canada
Declaration was approved by a close margin, JM winds re-election
Leading NE Federalists recommended many changes to the Constitution
Their suggestions seemed disloyal as the war ends successfully
Treaty of Ghent Ends the Warof 1812
Signed on Dec 24, 1814
Essentially a cease-fire with no firm territorial decisions
Approved unanimously by the Senate
A victory for nationalism and pride a second war of independence
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